Statisticians

An omitted variable that influences both your independent and dependent variable will bias a regression coefficient in a specific, predictable direction, no matter how much data you throw at the model.

A dashboard that lets someone slice data twenty different ways and highlights whatever's significant is a false-positive generator by construction, not by accident.

Simpson's Paradox isn't a data error or a coding mistake — it's a genuine, well-documented statistical phenomenon where aggregate and subgroup trends can point in opposite directions, both validly.